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The SLN formulation demonstrated approximately twofold bioavailability enhancement in terms of price and extent in comparison with the suspension formulations of fenobrate.

Furthermore, some insulin Aurora B inhibitor loaded SLNs were modied with wheat germ agglutinin N glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine. Highest drug entrapment efciency was found in case of the insulin loaded SLNs prepared by an appropriate modication of the double dispersion method. SLNs and WGA modied SLNs protected insulin against in vitro degradation by digestive enzymes. WGA modied SLNs were found to be more stable than SLNs. In comparison to subcutaneous injection of insulin, oral administration of insulin loaded SLNs or WGAmodied SLNs in rats showed the relative pharmacological bioavailabilities of 4. 46% and 6. 08%, and the relative bioavailabilities of 4. 99% and 7. 11%, respectively. In another study, SLNs loaded with insulin and a cell penetrating peptide, R8 were prepared using the emulsion solvent diffusion method.

In a separate study, in situ local intestinal perfusion experiment of WGA modied liposomes and SLNs was performed in rats. The formulations PARP containing 100 IU kg1 insulin were administered to the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of fasted rats. Serum insulin concentrations decreased for the various formulations in different absorption sites according to the following trends: duodenum ileum jejunum for WGAmodied liposomes, duodenum jejunum ileum for WGAmodied SLNs, ileum jejunum duodenum for liposomes, ileum duodenum jejunum for SLNs, and duodenum or_ileum BI-1356 jejunum for aqueous solution of insulin. The results suggested that the delivery sites were important factors with respect to increasing the bioavailability of orally administered insulin.

The pharmacological availability of insulin CP SLNs, insulin GTSLNs, and insulin GP SLNs after oral administration to diabetic rats were 2. 92%, 3. 44%, and 4. 53%, respectively. GP SLNs demonstrated BI-1356 lower burst release, and a stable particle size, together with a relatively high pharmacological availability.